CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AS AN EMERGENT THREAT IN MILITARY READINESS AGAINST STATE DEFENSE; HOW TO HANDLE AND OVERCOME IT

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33172/jp.v7i3.1481

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease has shown a profound increase year by year which leading cause of death globally, accounts for 38 million people each year for mortality with almost three-quarters of deaths occurring in lower-middle countries. In 2014 US army statistics shown 9.4% of army personnel had cardiovascular disease, compared to 6.8% in 2007. The aims of this study are to provide an overview of cardiovascular disease in military personnel, risk factors obtained in military personnel, and preventive measures taken to reduce the progression of cardiovascular disease. It was Descriptive Observational Study with focus in literature study. The data was collected by literature with associated in military morbidities, military cardiovascular factor and preventive health. Cardiovascular risk factors could be the important point to intervene to gain more benefits that could ameliorate the progression of cardiovascular disease. Many factors that influence Military personnel include strategic factors, external and internal factors that could contribute to the health condition. Preventive health is very important to improve the health condition of military personnel considering that various deadly diseases like cardiovascular disease can be prevented through preventive health activities, so the fatal consequences and loss of life and large assets can be eliminated or at least minimized. There are various efforts to improve the implementation of preventive health development, including intensive health education socialization, Military routine health check-ups as screening, military hospital big data as basis data, and military personal handbook. Programs for the implementation of preventive health development could be run with obligation from Higher Military Office.

Author Biography

Nizamuddin Ubaidillah, Universitas Jenderal Ahmad Yani

Head of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Department Udayana Army Hospital

References

Association, A. H. (2019). Army troops have worse heart health than civilian population, study says. June 5, 2019. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2019/06/05/army-troops-have-worse-heart-health-than-civilian-population-study-says

Bennett, J. E., Stevens, G. A., Mathers, C. D., Bonita, R., Rehm, J., Kruk, M. E., Riley, L. M., Dain, K., Kengne, A. P., Chalkidou, K., Beagley, J., Kishore, S. P., Chen, W., Saxena, S., Bettcher, D. W., Grove, J. T., Beaglehole, R., & Ezzati, M. (2018). NCD Countdown 2030: worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4. The Lancet, 392(10152), 1072–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31992-5

Ding, N., Sang, Y., Chen, J., Ballew, S. H., Kalbaugh, C. A., Salameh, M. J., Blaha, M. J., Allison, M., Heiss, G., Selvin, E., Coresh, J., & Matsushita, K. (2019). Cigarette Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Long-Term Risk of 3 Major Atherosclerotic Diseases. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(4), 498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.05.049

Einarson, T. R., Acs, A., Ludwig, C., & Panton, U. H. (2018). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: A systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007-2017. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 17(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6

Fagot-Campagna A, Rolka DB, Beckles GL, Gregg EW, N. K. (2000). Prevalence of lipid ablormalities, awareness, and treatment in US adults with diabetes (Abstract). Diabetes 49, 49(Suppl 1).

Hirano, T. (2018). Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia. Journal Atheroscelrosis Thrombosis, 25, 771–782. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.RV17023

Indonesia, P. R. (1992). Undang-Undang No.23 Tahun 1992 tentang Kesehatan. 23.

Jones, S. O., Smallman, D., Webber, B. J., Scher, A. I., Mazuchowski, E. L., & Cantrell, J. A. (2015). Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death Associated With Physical Exertion in the United States Military. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 65(10), A295. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(15)60295-9

JPMA. (2020). Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). 2020. http://www.jpma.or.jp/english/globalhealth/statement/ncds.html

Kaptoge, S., Pennells, L., De Bacquer, D., Cooney, M. T., Kavousi, M., Stevens, G., Riley, L. M., Savin, S., Khan, T., Altay, S., Amouyel, P., Assmann, G., Bell, S., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Berkman, L., Beulens, J. W., Björkelund, C., Blaha, M., Blazer, D. G., … Di Angelantonio, E. (2019). World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions. The Lancet Global Health, 7(10), e1332–e1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30318-3

Luijten, J., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Schaper, N. C., Meex, S. J. R., van der Steen, C., Meijer, L. J., de Boer, D., de Graaf, J., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Brouwers, M. C. G. J. (2019). Incidence of cardiovascular disease in familial combined hyperlipidemia: A 15-year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis, 280, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.013

Navar-Boggan, A. M., Peterson, E. D., D’Agostino, R. B., Neely, B., Sniderman, A. D., & Pencina, M. J. (2015). Hyperlipidemia in early adulthood increases long-term risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation, 131(5), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012477

O’Donnell, C. J., & Elosua, R. (2008). Cardiovascular risk factors. Insights from framingham heart study. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia, 61(3), 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1157/13116658

Pennells, L., Kaptoge, S., Wood, A., Sweeting, M., Zhao, X., White, I., Burgess, S., Willeit, P., Bolton, T., Moons, K. G. M., Van Der Schouw, Y. T., Selmer, R., Khaw, K. T., Gudnason, V., Assmann, G., Amouyel, P., Salomaa, V., Kivimaki, M., Nordestgaard, B. G., … Geleijnse, J. M. (2019). Equalization of four cardiovascular risk algorithms after systematic recalibration: Individual-participant meta-analysis of 86 prospective studies. European Heart Journal, 40(7), 621–631. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy653

Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., Barengo, N. C., Beaton, A., Benjamin, E. J., Benziger, C. P., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brodmann, M., Cahill, T. J., Carapetis, J. R., Catapano, A. L., Chugh, S., Cooper, L. T., Coresh, J., … Fuster, V. (2020). Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982–3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010

Smallman, D. P., Webber, B. J., Mazuchowski, E. L., Scher, A. I., Jones, S. O., & Cantrell, J. A. (2016). Sudden cardiac death associated with physical exertion in the US military, 2005-2010. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(2), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094900

Stahlman, S., & Oetting, A. A. (2018). Mental health disorders and mental health problems, active component,U.S. Armed Forces, 2007-2016. Msmr, 25(3), 2–11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29578729

Van Oort, S., Beulens, J. W. J., Van Ballegooijen, A. J., Grobbee, D. E., & Larsson, S. C. (2020). Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors with Hypertension: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Hypertension, 1971–1979. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15761

Visseren, F. L. J., MacH, F., Smulders, Y. M., Carballo, D., Koskinas, K. C., Bäck, M., Benetos, A., Biffi, A., Boavida, J. M., Capodanno, D., Cosyns, B., Crawford, C., Davos, C. H., Desormais, I., DI Angelantonio, E., Franco, O. H., Halvorsen, S., Hobbs, F. D. R., Hollander, M., … Williams, B. (2021). 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. European Heart Journal, 42(34), 3227–3337. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484

Wilson, D. R., & Folkes, F. (2015). Cardiovascular disease in military populations: Introduction and overview. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 161(3), 167–168. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2015-000534

WorldHealthOrganization. (2018). NCDs Country Profiles 2018 WHO. 224. https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-profiles-2018/en/

Downloads

Published

2021-12-31

How to Cite

Ubaidillah, N. (2021). CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AS AN EMERGENT THREAT IN MILITARY READINESS AGAINST STATE DEFENSE; HOW TO HANDLE AND OVERCOME IT. Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi Tentang Kajian Dan Strategi Pertahanan Yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism Dan Integrity, 7(3), 473–483. https://doi.org/10.33172/jp.v7i3.1481

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 3 (2021)

Section

Articles

Citation Check

License

Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
The copyright of articles accepted for publication is assigned to the Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism dan Integrity and Indonesia Defense University (Universitas Pertahanan) as publishers of the journal. The intended copyright includes the rights to publish articles in various forms (including reprints).

Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism dan Integrity keep the rights to articles that have been published. Authors are permitted to disseminate published article by sharing the DOI Number or the link of our journal's website. Authors are allowed to use their works for any purposes deemed necessary without written permission from our journal and/or Indonesia Defense University (Universitas Pertahanan) with an acknowledgement of initial publication in this journal.