DINAMIKA HAK ASASI MANUSIA DAN BELA NEGARA: ANTARA KEWAJIBAN KONSTITUSIONAL DAN KEBEBASAN INDIVIDU
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v16i1.19992Keywords:
Bela Negara, hak asasi manusia, komponen cadangan, kebijakan pertahanan, studi literatur komparatifAbstract
Kewajiban bela negara merupakan prinsip konstitusional dalam sistem pertahanan Indonesia, namun implementasinya memicu diskursus mengenai harmonisasi antara kewajiban warga negara dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia (HAM). Penelitian ini menganalisis kebijakan bela negara Indonesia dalam kerangka HAM melalui pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi literatur komparatif terhadap model kebijakan di Korea Selatan, Swiss, dan Finlandia. Penelitian ini mengkaji kontradiksi antara kewajiban konstitusional bela negara dan perlindungan hak individu, serta menawarkan kerangka kebijakan yang menyeimbangkan kepentingan nasional dengan kebebasan sipil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara regulasi bela negara yang menekankan partisipasi warga negara dengan mekanisme perlindungan hak, khususnya terkait prinsip kesukarelaan, hak keberatan berdasarkan keyakinan (conscientious objection), dan ketersediaan jalur partisipasi non-militer. Studi komparatif menyimpulkan bahwa integrasi pertahanan nasional dan HAM dapat dicapai melalui layanan sipil alternatif, tem pertahanan berbasis masyarakat, serta tata kelola mobilisasi yang transparan. Penelitian ini mengusulkan konsep harmonisasi bela negara dan HAM dalam sistem pertahanan Indonesia yang inklusif.
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